Ⅳ
Decarbonized energy system
”First Demonstration Experiment for Energy-Trading System EDISON-X Using the XRP Ledger”
Yuichi Ikeda, Yu Ohki, Zelda Marquardt,
Yu Kimura, Sena Omura, Emi Yoshikawa
JPS Conf. Proc. 40, 011008 (2023)
We developed a blockchain-based energy-trading system called EDISON-X to manage the buying and selling of electricity usage rights (i.e., tokens). Students buy UPX and SPX tokens to use electricity supplied from the utility company’s distribution lines and solar PV panels installed on the roof of the school building, respectively. In July 2022, 17 students from our school dormitory participated in an experiment to validate the operation of the EDISON-X system. Based on the results of this experiment, we describe an energy-trading system using blockchain technology for the effective usage of renewable energy. We developed topology and network science methodologies to understand the characteristics of energy trading. This study examined the hypothesis that market transactions become less active when “cavities” appear using topological data analysis. The preliminary results suggest that this hypothesis is plausible.
”Economical Evaluation of Hydrogen Cogeneration by Renewable Energies and Nuclear Energies”
Hitomi Tanaka, Yuichi Ikeda
Transactions of the Japan Society of Energy and Resources 2022 Volume 43 Issue 2 Pages 33-44, 2022/02
International Energy Agency recommends reducing CO2 emissions to zero in 2050. In recent years, renewable energy has been increasing because decarbonization is essential in the energy sector. However, due to output fluctuations of solar and wind power generation, demand-supply balancing requires other power sources and energy storage. Therefore, we focus on hydrogen as feasible energy storage. We reconsider renewable energy and next-generation nuclear power plant as the power source for hydrogen production. In this study, considering the use of hydrogen, we analyze the feasible future energy generation from CO2 reduction and economic efficiency using linear mathematical modeling. The result shows that hydrogen plays a role in balancing peak demand with pumped storage power generation in 2050. Thermal power would be replaced with hydrogen as a demand regulator in the future.
”Power grid with 100% renewable energy for small island developing states”
Y. Ikeda,
Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 17, 183–195, 2020/01
We estimated system-wise levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for a power grid with a high level of renewable energy using our grid optimization model. The estimation results of the system-wise LCOE are discussed in terms of the nexus of energy, environment, and economic growth for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) economies. While 100% renewable energy is technologically possible with the usage of electricity storage, the estimated LCOE is as high as 397 $/MWh which is substantially higher than electricity prices for residential consumers in the US and Japan. The susceptibility analyses imply that the estimated LCOE increase of 223% with a 100% renewable power grid corresponds to an as high as 11% decrease in economic growth. This decrease in economic growth would have a significant negative impact on SIDS economies. However, hydrogen production via the electrolysis of water using the excess energy supply from solar photovoltaics would reduce the LCOE, and therefore, higher economic growth would be attained with less CO2 emission.
”Determinants of foreign direct investment in wind energy in developing countries”
R. Keeley, Y. Ikeda
Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 1451-1458, 2017/09
The renewable energy industry is one of the fastest growing industries attracting a great amount of foreign direct investment, being one of the top 5 industries in 2015 in terms of the amount of investment allocated. However, the allocation of foreign direct investment in the sector greatly varies between developing countries. Preceding studies have tried to explain the location determinants of foreign direct investment mainly by looking at the effects of institutional and macroeconomic factors. The renewable energy sector has been supported by various economic, regulatory, and political support policies. Considering the importance of these support policies, the paper analyses their effects on foreign direct investment as location determinants in comparison with that of the widely accepted determinants (institutional and macroeconomic determinants), focusing on wind energy in developing countries.
The results show that renewable energy support policies have equivalent or greater effect compared to the widely accepted determinants such as corruption level, price stability, access to finance, and GDP growth. The paper demonstrates the importance of analysing determinants of foreign direct investment focusing on a specific sector rather than looking at overall foreign direct investment. The paper also provides important policy implications including the need to improve the regulatory aspect of renewable energy sector such as access to grid infrastructure in order to attract foreign direct investment into the sector.
”Simulation Study on Energy Mix for Power Generation in Temburong Eco Town”
Y. Ikeda, edited by S. Kimura
ERIA Research Project Report 2017, No.02, 2018/10
The eco town development plan in Temburong district, Brunei Darussalam, is about applying energy efficient technologies to achieve lower energy demand, especially electricity, to be used by buildings, and renewable energy such as solar photovoltaic (PV). Using a computer simulation model, this study seeks to determine appropriate capacities for both solar PV and electricity storage based on solar radiation data in Brunei and estimated electricity demand of commercial buildings for the eco town in Temburong district. There is already a diesel power plant in Temburong that installs 4 units x 3 megawatts (MW) power generation system, which provides electricity to subscribers in the area. In addition, about 6MW solar PV system will be installed soon. After installation of the system, electricity generation by the diesel station will be reduced. However, once new buildings are constructed according to the Temburong district development plan, more solar PV will be needed. In 2015 and 2016, ERIA collected climate data – solar radiation and rainfall data – in Brunei Darussalam to check intermittency caused by PV system installation. ERIA applied a dynamic simulation approach to check the intermittency under the combination of diesel power generation, solar PV system, and electricity storage. After the simulation, ERIA extracted the best capacity mix of diesel power, solar PV, and storage at minimum cost.
”Development of the Eco Town Model in the ASEAN Region through Adoption of Energy-Efficient Building Technologies, Sustainable Transport, and Smart Grids”
Y. Ikeda, edited by S. Kimura
ERIA Research Project Report 2015, No. 20, 2015/03
The recent economic growth in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region has driven the rapid increase of energy demand in the region. Energy demand in ASEAN has grown about 2.5 times since 1990 and is expected to triple by 2035. Therefore, ASEAN will need to apply the concept of a low-carbon city or eco town to curb increasing energy demand and to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases. This is because both increasing energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions could threaten the sustainability of future energy supply and impact the environment, health, and tourism- i.e. the quality of life. Therefore, this eco town project study focuses on the introduction of current and future energy efficiency technologies on buildings and road transport as well as smart grid technologies. Such technologies can be applied to any town in an ASEAN country, such as the Temburong District in Brunei Darussalam.
”Cross-correlation of output fluctuation and system-balancing cost in photovoltaic integration”
Y. Ikeda, K. Ogimoto
The Journal of Engineering, 10.1049/joe.2014.0235, 1-9, 2014/10
The authors analysed the cross-correlation of photovoltaic (PV) output fluctuation for the actual PV output time series data in both the Tokyo area and the whole of Japan using the principal component analysis with the random matrix theory. Based on the obtained cross-correlation coefficients, the forecast error for PV output was estimated with/without considering the cross-correlations. Then the operation schedule of thermal plants is calculated to integrate PV output using the proposed unit commitment model with the estimated forecast error. The system-balancing cost of PV system was also estimated with or without demand response. Finally, validity of the concept of ‘local production for local consumption of renewable energy’ and alternative policy implications were discussed.
”A unit commitment model with demand response and electric storage device for the integration of variable renewable energies”
Y. Ikeda, K. Ogimoto
IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy, 133, 7, 598-605+3, 2013
This paper describes development of a unit commitment model with demand response and electric storage device for the integration of variable renewable energies by considering forecast outputs and errors for photovoltaic and wind power generations. We analyze operation plans for power systems in Tokyo area and Tohoku area where a large amount of variable renewable energies are introduced in 2030. We estimate curtailment of wind power for Tohoku area in 2030 because the power system in Tohoku area can not integrate wind power generation planned to be installed in 2030. Then this paper shows that the integrated operation of the two power systems can integrate both photovoltaic and wind power generations planned to be installed in 2030. Finally we evaluate economic efficiency for the integrated operation of the two power systems.
”Impact of Smart Grid Technologies on Peak Load to 2050”
Steve Heinen, David Elzinga, Seul-Ki Kim, Yuichi Ikeda
IEA Energy Papers from OECD Publishing, 2011
The IEA’s Smart Grids Technology Roadmap released on 4th April 2011, identified five global trends that could be effectively addressed by deploying smart grids. These are: increasing peak load (the maximum power that the grid delivers during peak hours), rising electricity consumption, electrification of transport, deployment of variable generation technologies (e.g. wind and solar PV) and ageing infrastructure. Along with this roadmap, a new working paper – Impact of Smart Grid Technologies on Peak Load to 2050 – develops a methodology to estimate the evolution of peak load until 2050. It also analyses the impact of smart grid technologies in reducing peak load for four key regions; OECD North America, OECD Europe, OECD Pacific and China. This working paper is a first IEA effort in an evolving modelling process of smart grids that is considering demand response in residential and commercial sectors as well as the integration of electric vehicles.